The high posterior position of the spleen beneath the left hemidiaphragm affords protection by the rib cage (and makes it difficult to reach by laparotomy.) Note the relationships to cardia of stomach, left kidney and splenic flexure of colon (see spleen anatomy.)
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The kidneys lie in the retroperitoneum surrounded by perinephric fat, encapsulated within the anterior and posterior lamina of Gerota's fascia. The fusiform psoas muscles direct the axis of the kidneys anterolaterally toward the lower poles. Note relationships to surrounding structures (see images abdG3004 and
abdG3005.)
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